Interdisciplinary Social Research

This study analyzes China’s development assistance to Africa through economic, political, relational, and developmental dimensions. Moving beyond the binary of altruism versus self-interest, it proposes a strategic–relational framework to explain the layered nature of China–Africa cooperation. Using a qualitative comparative synthesis of empirical and theoretical studies, the research identifies sectoral and regional patterns across infrastructure, health, education, and ICT. Findings indicate a hybrid logic: health and education initiatives demonstrate strong developmental and relational orientation, while infrastructure and extractive sectors exhibit higher strategic density. ICT projects reflect dual objectives, combining modernization with technological standard-setting. Political alignment facilitates continuity but does not solely determine allocation intensity. The inclusion of philanthropic and non-state actors further reveals the role of soft moral power in strengthening legitimacy and local engagement. Overall, Chinese aid generates public goods while simultaneously cultivating strategic influence and relational capital, challenging mono-causal interpretations of donor motivation.